Electrolyte Disorders

Nephrology

Electrolytes are essential minerals that help regulate vital functions such as hydration, nerve signaling, and muscle contractions. When these minerals become imbalanced, it can lead to a range of health issues, from mild fatigue to serious complications affecting the heart, kidneys, and nervous system. At SMC Physicians, our nephrology specialists diagnose and treat electrolyte disorders to restore balance and prevent long-term issues.

Common of Electrolyte Disorders

Electrolyte imbalances can be caused by either low levels (deficiencies) or high levels (excesses) of key minerals. The most common disorders include:

1. Sodium Imbalance (Hyponatremia & Hypernatremia)

Hyponatremia (Low Sodium): Can cause confusion, headaches, seizures, or swelling. Often linked to excessive fluid intake, kidney disease, or heart failure.

Hypernatremia (High Sodium): Leads to dehydration, excessive thirst, fatigue, and confusion. Common in individuals with kidney dysfunction or those who lose too much fluid through vomiting or diarrhea.

2. Potassium Imbalance (Hypokalemia & Hyperkalemia)

Hypokalemia (Low Potassium): May cause muscle weakness, irregular heartbeats, and fatigue. Often a result of diuretics, excessive sweating, or chronic kidney disease.

Hyperkalemia (High Potassium): Can lead to dangerous heart rhythm issues and muscle paralysis. Frequently seen in patients with kidney disease or those taking certain medications.

3. Calcium Imbalance (Hypocalcemia & Hypercalcemia)

Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium): Causes muscle cramps, tingling, osteoporosis, and irregular heartbeat. Can be due to vitamin D deficiency, kidney failure, or parathyroid disorders.

Hypercalcemia (High Calcium): Symptoms include kidney stones, nausea, bone pain, and confusion. Often caused by overactive parathyroid glands or cancer.

4. Magnesium Imbalance (Hypomagnesemia & Hypermagnesemia)

Hypomagnesemia (Low Magnesium): Can cause muscle spasms, irregular heart rhythms, and seizures. Linked to malnutrition, chronic alcohol use, and certain medications.

Hypermagnesemia (High Magnesium): Leads to low blood pressure, slow heart rate, and muscle weakness. Typically occurs in patients with kidney disease or excessive magnesium intake.

5. Phosphorus Imbalance (Hypophosphatemia & Hyperphosphatemia)

Hypophosphatemia (Low Phosphorus): May cause bone pain, weakness, and confusion. Can result from malnutrition, chronic diarrhea, or alcoholism.

Hyperphosphatemia (High Phosphorus): Can contribute to heart disease and weakened bones. Frequently seen in patients with kidney disease.

Causes of Electrolyte Disorders

Electrolyte imbalances can develop due to various factors, including:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI)
Dehydration from vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating
Certain medications, such as diuretics, steroids, or chemotherapy drugs
Endocrine disorders, including adrenal or parathyroid dysfunction
Severe infections or inflammatory conditions
Excessive intake or deficiency of electrolytes from diet or supplements

Diagnosis & Treatment

At SMC Physicians, we use advanced diagnostic tests to identify electrolyte imbalances, including:

Blood tests to measure electrolyte levels.
Urine tests to check kidney function and electrolyte excretion.
EKG (Electrocardiogram) to monitor heart activity in cases of severe potassium or calcium imbalances.

Treatment Options

The goal of treatment is to restore balance and prevent complications. Depending on the type and severity of the disorder, treatment may include:

Intravenous (IV) fluids to correct imbalances quickly.
Electrolyte supplements for deficiencies in sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium.
Medications to lower high electrolyte levels or help the body regulate them properly.
Dialysis for severe imbalances caused by kidney disease.
Dietary adjustments to manage intake of specific electrolytes.

Expert Electrolyte Management at SMC Physicians

At SMC Physicians, our nephrology team specializes in diagnosing and managing electrolyte disorders to prevent complications and improve overall health. We provide personalized treatment plans based on each patient’s unique needs.

If you’re experiencing symptoms of an electrolyte imbalance or have a condition that puts you at risk, contact SMC Physicians today for expert care and treatment.